GLOBAL WARMING- READING ASSIGNMENT

Global Warming is Human Caused

Scientists have concluded that most of the observed warming is very likely due to the burning of coal, oil, and gas. This conclusion is based on a detailed understanding of the atmospheric greenhouse effect and how human activities have been tweaking it. At the same time, other reasonable explanations, most notably changes in the Sun, have been ruled out.

The atmospheric greenhouse effect naturally keeps our planet warm enough to be livable. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere. Light-colored surfaces, such as clouds or ice caps, radiate some heat back into space. But most of the incoming heat warms the planet's surface. The Earth then radiates some heat back into the atmosphere. Some of that heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide (CO2).

 

Human activity--such as burning fossil fuels--causes more greenhouse gases to build up in the atmosphere. As the atmosphere "thickens" with more greenhouse gases, more heat is held in. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are high in carbon and, when burned, produce major amounts of carbon dioxide or CO2. A single gallon of gasoline, when burned, puts 19 pounds of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The role of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) in warming the Earth's surface was first demonstrated by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius more than 100 years ago. Scientific data have since established that, for hundreds of thousands of years, changes in temperature have closely tracked with atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of coal, oil and natural gas has emitted roughly 500 billion tons of CO₂, about half of which remains in the atmosphere. This CO₂ is the biggest factor responsible for recent warming trends. 

VOCABULARY

WORDS	MEANING
Tweaking	To change (something) slightly in order to improve it : to make small adjustments to (something)
Notably	1.     In a way that attracts or deserves attention
Livable	2.     Suitable to live in : enjoyable to live in
Gallon	3.     A unit of liquid measurement equal to four British quarts or 4.546 litters
Gasoline	4.     A liquid made from petroleum and used especially as a fuel for engines
Demonstrated	5.     To show (a quality, feeling, etc.) clearly to other people
Established	6.     To begin or create (something that is meant to last for a long time)
Tracked	7.     Traveling on endless metal belts instead of wheels
Industrial Revolution	8.     A rapid major change in an economy (as in England in the late 18th century) marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery or by an important change in the prevailing types and methods of use of such machines

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Effects of Global Warming

by Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor

Date: 17 December 2014 Time: 11:15 PM ET

The longer a drought lasts, the greater the risk of suicide for men in rural areas between 30 and 49 years of age.
CREDIT: Drought via Shutterstock

Global warming is expected to have far-reaching, long-lasting and, in many cases, devastating consequences for planet Earth.

For some years, global warming, the gradual heating of Earth's surface, oceans and atmosphere, was a topic of heated debate in the scientific community. Today, the overwhelming consensus of researchers is that global warming is real and is caused by human activity, primarily the burning of fossil fuels that pump carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

A major report released Sept. 27, 2013, by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that scientists are more certain than ever of the link between human activities and global warming. More than 197 international scientific organizations agree that global warming is real and has been caused by human action.

Additionally, global warming is having a measurable effect on the planet right now, in a variety of ways. "We can observe this happening in real time in many places. Ice is melting in both polar ice caps and mountain glaciers. Lakes around the world, including Lake Superior, are warming rapidly – in some cases faster than the surrounding environment. Animals are changing migration patterns and plants are changing the dates of activity (e.g., leaf-flush in spring to fall in autumn is longer)," Josef Werne, an associate professor in the department of geology and planetary science at the University of Pittsburgh, told Live Science.

Here is an in-depth look at these changes and more.

Increase in average temperatures and temperature extremes

One of the most immediate and obvious effects of global warming is the increase in temperatures around the world. The average global temperature has increased by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit (0.8 degrees Celsius) over the past 100 years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Since recordkeeping began in 1895, the hottest year on record for the 48 contiguous U.S. states was 2012. Worldwide, 2012 was also the 10th-warmest year on record, according to NOAA. And nine of the warmest years on record have occurred since 2000. According to NOAA, 2013 tied with 2003 as the fourth warmest year globally since 1880.

In 2014, some cities in the United States had the warmest summers on record, according to Scientific American. A report by the World Meteorological Organization released July 3, 2014, said that deaths from heat increased by more than 2,000 percent over the previous decade.

Extreme weather events

Extreme weather is an effect of global warming. While experiencing some of the hottest summers on record, much of the United States also has been experiencing colder than normal winters.

Changes in climate can cause the jet stream to migrate south, bringing with it cold, Arctic air. This is why some states can have a sudden cold snap or colder than normal winter, even during the long-term trend of global warming, Werne explained.

"Climate is by definition the long-term average of weather, over many years. One cold (or warm) year or season has little to do with overall climate. It is when those cold (or warm) years become more and more regular that we start to recognize it as a change in climate rather than simply an anomalous year of weather," he said.

Global warming may also lead to extreme weather other than cold or heat extremes. For example, hurricane formations will change. Though this is still a subject of active scientific research, current computer models of the atmosphere indicate that hurricanes are more likely to become less frequent on a global basis, though the hurricanes that do form may be more intense.

"And even if they become less frequent globally, hurricanes could still become more frequent in some particular areas," said atmospheric scientist Adam Sobel, author of "Storm Surge: Hurricane Sandy, Our Changing Climate, and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future" (HarperWave, 2014). "Additionally, scientists are confident that hurricanes will become more intense due to climate change."  This is because hurricanes get their energy from the temperature difference between the warm tropical ocean and the cold upper atmosphere. Global warming increases that temperature difference. 

"Since the most damage by far comes from the most intense hurricanes — such as typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in 2013 — this means that hurricanes could become overall more destructive," said Sobel, a Columbia University professor in the departments of Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics.

Lightening is another weather feature that is being affected by global warming. According to a 2014 study, a 50 percent increase in the number of lightning strikes within the United States is expected by 2100 if global temperatures continue to rise. The researchers of the study found a 12 percent increase in lightning activity for every 1.8 degree F (1 degree C) of warming in the atmosphere.

The U.S. Climate Extremes Index (CEI) was established in 1996 to track extreme weather events. The number of extreme weather events that are among the most unusual in the historical record, according to the CEI, has been rising over the last four decades.

Scientists project that extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, blizzards and rainstorms will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity due to global warming, according to Climate Central. Climate models forecast that global warming will cause climate patterns worldwide to experience significant changes. These changes will likely include major shifts in wind patterns, annual precipitation and seasonal temperatures variations.

In addition, because high levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are likely to remain high for many years, these changes are expected to last for several decades or longer, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In the northeastern United States, for example, climate change is likely to bring increased annual rainfall, while in the Pacific Northwest, summer rainfall is expected to decrease.

IceBridge project sciencist Michael Studinger calls this photo a textbook example of a receding glacier, one that's shrinking in size. The dark, arc-shaped piles are terminal and lateral moraines, jumbled rock piles left behind as the glacier recedes. A small, frozen lake sits at the left-hand terminus of the glacier. Taken in Thomsen Land, northeast Greenland.
Credit: NASA/Michael Studinger

Ice melt

Since 1970, the area of snow cover in the United States has steadily decreased, according to the EPA, and the average temperature of permafrost (soil that's at or below freezing temperature) has grown warmer.

One of the most dramatic effects of global warming is the reduction in Arctic sea ice: In 2012, scientists saw the smallest amount of Arctic ice cover ever recorded. Most analyses project that, within a matter of years, the Arctic Sea will be completely ice-free during the summer months.

Glacial retreat, too, is an obvious effect of global warming. Only 25 glaciers bigger than 25 acres are now found in Montana's Glacier National Park, where about 150 glaciers were once found, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. A similar trend is seen in glacial areas worldwide.

Sea levels and ocean acidification

As ice melts, the ocean levels rise. In 2014, the World Meteorological Organization reported that sea level rise accelerated .12 inches (3 millimeters) per year on average worldwide. This is around double the average annual rise of .07 in (1.6 mm) in the 20th century.

Melting polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic region, coupled with melting ice sheets and glaciers across Greenland, North America, South America, Europe and Asia, are expected to raise sea levels significantly. And humans are mostly to blame: In the IPCC report released on Sept. 27, 2013, climate scientists said they are at least 95 percent certain that humans are to blame for warming oceans, rapidly melting ice and rising sea levels, changes that have been observed since the 1950s.

Global sea levels have risen about 8 inches since 1870, according to the EPA, and the rate of increase is expected to accelerate in the coming years. If current trends continue, many coastal areas, where roughly half of the Earth's human population lives, will be inundated.

Researchers project that by 2100, average sea levels will be 2.3 feet (.7 meters) higher in New York City, 2.9 feet (.88 m) higher at Hampton Roads, Va., and 3.5 feet (1.06 m) higher at Galveston, Texas, the EPA reports. According to an IPCC report, if greenhouse gas emissions remain unchecked, sea levels could rise by as much as 3 feet (0.9 meters) by 2100. That estimate is an increase from the estimated 0.9 to 2.7 feet (0.3 to 0.8 meters) that was predicted in the 2007 IPCC report for future sea level rise.

Sea level isn't the only thing changing for the oceans due to global warming. As levels of CO₂ increase, the oceans absorb some of that gas, which increases the acidity of seawater. Werne explains it this way: "When you dissolved CO₂ in water, you get carbonic acid. This is the same exact thing that happens in cans of soda. When you pop the top on a can of Dr Pepper, the pH is 2 — quite acidic."  

Since the Industrial Revolution began in the early 1700s, the acidity of the oceans has increased about 25 percent, according to the EPA. "This is a problem in the oceans in large part because many marine organisms make shells out of calcium carbonate (think corals, oysters), and their shells dissolve in acid solution," said Werne.  "So as we add more and more CO₂ to the ocean, it gets more and more acidic, dissolving more and more shells of sea creatures. It goes without saying that this is not good for their health."

If current ocean acidification trends continue, coral reefs are expected to become increasingly rare in areas where they are now common, including most U.S. waters, the EPA reports.

  

Arctic sea ice at the end of melt season, 1981-2009
Credit: NSIDC

Plants and animals

The effects of global warming on the Earth's ecosystems are expected to be profound and widespread. Many species of plants and animals are already moving their range northward or to higher altitudes as a result of warming temperatures, according to a report from the National Academy of Sciences.

"They are not just moving north, they are moving from the equator toward the poles. They are quite simply following the range of comfortable temperatures, which is migrating to the poles as the global average temperature warms," Werne said. Ultimately, he said, this becomes a problem when the rate of climate change velocity (how fast a region changes put into a spatial term) is faster than the rate that many organisms can migrate. Because of this, many animals may not be able to compete in the new climate regime and may go extinct.

Additionally, migratory birds and insects are now arriving in their summer feeding and nesting grounds several days or weeks earlier than they did in the 20th century, according to the EPA.

Warmer temperatures will also expand the range of many disease-causing pathogens that were once confined to tropical and subtropical areas, killing off plant and animal species that formerly were protected from disease.

These and other effects of global warming, if left unchecked, will likely contribute to the disappearance of up to one-half of Earth's plants and one-third of animals from their current range by 2080, according to a 2013 report in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Social effects

As dramatic as the effects of climate change are expected to be on the natural world, the projected changes to human society may be even more devastating.

Agricultural systems will likely be dealt a crippling blow. Though growing seasons in some areas will expand, the combined impacts of drought, severe weather, lack of snowmelt, greater number and diversity of pests, lower groundwater tables and a loss of arable land could cause severe crop failures and livestock shortages worldwide.

North Carolina State University also notes that carbon dioxide is affecting plant growth. Though CO₂ can increase the growth of plants, the plants may become less nutritious.

In addition to less nutritious food, the effect of global warming on human health is also expected to be serious. The American Medical Association has reported an increase in mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever, as well as a rise in cases of chronic conditions like asthma, are already occurring, most likely as a direct result of global warming.

This loss of food security may, in turn, create havoc in international food markets and could spark famines, food riots, political instability and civil unrest worldwide, according to a number of analyses from sources as diverse as the U.S Department of Defense, the Center for American Progress and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.

Many of these expected effects are the result of exhaustive scientific research and climate models, and the fact that most of them are already being observed gives additional credibility to the projected effects of global warming and climate change.

Marc Lallanilla contributed to this article.

	WORDS	DEFINITION
	consensus	An opinion that all members of a group agree with
	decade	A period of ten years, especially a continuous period
	migrate	(of birds, animals, etc.) to move from one part of the world to another according to the season
	anomalous	Different from what is normal or expected
	hurricane	A violent storm with very strong winds, especially in the western Atlantic Ocean
	drought	A long period of time when there is little or no rain
	blizzard	A snowstorm with very strong winds
	subtropical	In or connected with regions that are near tropical parts of the world
	devastating	Causing a lot of damage and destruction
	havoc	A situation in which there is a lot of damage, destruction or confusion
	famine	A lack of food  during a long period of time in a region
	exhaustive	Including everything possible; very thorough or complete
	glacier	A large mass of ice, formed by snow on mountains, that moves very slowly down a valley

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10 Ways to Reduce Global Warming

Practical ways to Reduce Global Warming


Burning fossil fuels increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
You can help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels, which in turn reduces global warming by using energy more wisely. Here are 10 simple actions you can take to help reduce global warming.
1.  Reuse, Reduce,Recycle
Reduce waste by buying reusable products as opposed to disposables. You can also buy products with less packaging so that you throw less away. Whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, glass and metal (aluminium). If there is no recycling program at your workplace, school or in your community, get one started! By recycling half of your household waste, you can save up tons of CO2 every year from being released into the atmosphere.

2. Use less energy around the house- Heating/Air-Con
By adding insulation into your walls and loft, you can lower your heating costs by more than a quarter as it reduces the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. If you also turn down your heating at night or while you’re away from the house you can save money.  Turning down your thermostat by just 2 degrees could save about 2,000 of CO2 yearly.
3. Save the World by Changing a Light Bulb
Try replacing your standard light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. By replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL you can save over £15 over the life of the bulb. You may be thinking that this does not seem like a lot, but CFLs last 10 times longer, use two-thirds less energy and emit 70% less heat. So as well as saving money on incandescent bulbs, you also save money on your electricity bills.
If every UK family were to use CFLs, 30 billion tons of greenhouse gasses would be eliminated which is equal to taking 7.5 million cars off of our roads.
4. Ditch the Car!
Not only does driving less reduce emissions in the atmosphere but you also save on petrol and walking and biking are great forms of exercising. Also look at public transport and car-sharing to work or school. When you do have to drive, however, make sure that you are using your car effectively. Check your tires are properly inflated – having properly inflated tires can improve your mileage by more than 3%. Every litre of petrol you save not only helps you save money but it also helps reduce carbon emissions.
5. Buying Energy-Efficient Products
When you come to buy a new car, choose one that offers good mileage. Kitchen appliances now also come in a range of energy efficient models. CFLs are designed to provide more natural looking light while using far less energy as that of an incandescent light bulb. Try to avoid products that have excess packaging, especially moulded plastic and other packaging that is not recyclable. If you reduce your household waste by 10% you can save up to half a ton of CO2 going into the atmosphere.
6. Use Less Hot Water
Set your water heater to about 50 degrees to save energy and wrap it in an insulating blanket if it is over 5 years old. Using low flow shower heads saves water, and reduces your Co2 footprint. When thinking of washing your clothes, doing so in warm or cold water can reduce your use of hot water and also reduce the amount of energy that is needed to produce it. Your clothes still get clean, after all.
7. Make a routine of turning Everything off
Turning off lights when you leave a room is a pretty common thing that we can all do to cut down our environmental impact. Also, it is a good idea to turn off your TV, DVD player, stereo and computer when you aren’t using them. It is also wise to turn off the water when you aren’t using it while brushing your teeth, shampooing your hair or washing your car. Turning off the water until you need it for rinsing is very important as by doing this you will greatly reduce your water bill and help conserve a vital resource.
8. Plant a Tree
If you are able to plant a tree, start digging! Via photosynthesis, trees and other plants absorb CO2 and give off Oxygen. They are a significant part of the natural atmospheric exchange cycle on Earth. There are too few plants and trees to fully counter the increase in CO2. Think it won’t make a difference? Think again. Just one tree can absorb one ton of CO2 in its lifetime. What are you waiting for?
9. Get a Home Energy Audit done.
Utility companies often provide free home energy audits to help their customers to identify areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition, many utility companies sometimes offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of energy-efficient upgrades. You might also like to look into Solar power as a means of producing your own energy.

10. Encourage Others to Recycle/Get involved
When researching or learning about how to reduce your environmental impact, share the information a with your friends, neighbours and co-workers. Why not take opportunity to encourage people in power to create programs and policies that are beneficial for the environment. It might only take one email.
Other things you can do are to encourage others to recycle old mobiles, as these, along with other electronic goods damage the environment greatly when left in landfill sites.
These 10 steps will take you a long way toward reducing your energy use and your monthly budget. And less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gasses and contribute to global warming.

VOCABULARY

WORD	MEANING
Disposable	Intended to be thrown away after use
Loft	A room or space directly under the roof of a house or other building, used for accommodation or storage
Insulation	The action of insulating something
Thermostat	A device that automatically regulates temperature, or that activates a device when the temperature reaches a certain point.
CFL	Compact fluorescent light (or lamp)
Incandescent	(Of an electric light) containing a filament which glows white-hot when heated by a current passed through it
Ditch	A narrow channel dug at the side of a road or field, to hold or carry away water
Emission	The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation
Mileage	A number of miles travelled or covered
Mould	Form (an object) out of malleable material, Give a shape to (malleable material)
Audit	An official inspection of an organization’s accounts, typically by an independent body, A systematic review or assessment of something
Utility	The state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial

  

1.honourable	-Used as a title indicating eminence or distinction, given especially to judges and certain highofficials:
2.equip	-Supply with the necessary items for a particular purpose:
3.persuade	-Cause (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument:
4.motivate	-Stimulate (someone’s) interest in or enthusiasm for doing something:
5.passionate	-Showing or caused by strong feelings or a strong belief
6.persuasive	-able to persuade somebody to do or believe something
7.engage in	-Participate or become involved in
8.enlight	-inform, tell, make aware, open someone's eyes, notify, illuminate, apprise, brief,update, bring up to date; disabuse, set straight